Comprehensive educational content for researchers. Learn about peptide chemistry, proper handling techniques, and the latest research applications.
A section-by-section guide to peptide COAs: mass-spec identity, HPLC purity, net content, lot numbers and the red flags of recycled certificates, walked through on real published Northbridge lots.
How a single trans-3-hexenoyl group turns native GHRH into a longer-lived analogue, what the phase 3 and liver-fat trials actually found, what preclinical work showed, and how to handle tesamorelin in the lab.
What sermorelin acetate is, where the 29-residue fragment came from, how it acts at the GHRH receptor, how it compares with native GHRH, tesamorelin, CJC-1295 and ipamorelin, and how to handle it in the lab.
How retatrutide-type triple agonism at the GLP-1, GIP and glucagon receptors was designed, what the published rodent and phase 2 literature reports, and which questions remain open for laboratory study.
The receptor biology behind tirzepatide-type dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonism, what 'imbalanced and biased' agonism means, what the SURPASS and SURMOUNT trials reported, and how dual agonism differs from triple.
How NAD+ works as both a redox coenzyme and a consumed substrate for sirtuins, PARPs and CD38, what the evidence on age-related decline actually shows, and practical notes on using and storing NAD+ in the lab.
How the cardiolipin-targeting tetrapeptide SS-31 works, what isolated-mitochondria, rodent and clinical studies have and have not shown, and practical notes for designing and handling SS-31 experiments.
GHK-Cu is a copper-binding tripeptide found in human plasma. A research guide to its copper chemistry, the fibroblast, wound and gene-expression studies behind its reputation, the limits of that evidence, and how to handle a copper complex in the lab.
KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) is the C-terminal tripeptide of alpha-MSH. A research guide to how it enters cells through PepT1, how it blocks NF-κB nuclear import, what the colitis and inflammation models showed, the unresolved melanocortin-receptor question, and practical notes for the lab.
What the Epithalon (AEDG) literature actually shows about telomerase, telomere length, melatonin and lifespan, in which models, and why most of it comes from a single research group.
MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA. Here is what the mouse, cell and human observational studies show about its folate-AMPK mechanism, nuclear signaling and exercise link, and what is still unresolved.
What peptides are, how the peptide bond and side chains shape their behavior, how research peptides are synthesized and purified, and what that chemistry means for everyday lab work.
Why lyophilized peptides keep better than solutions, which residues oxidize or deamidate, how freezing, light and container surfaces cause losses, and a practical storage checklist for the lab.
How GHRH analogues and ghrelin-receptor agonists release growth hormone through two separate receptor systems, why the two pathways act synergistically, and what the key animal and human studies actually found.
What the BPC-157 literature actually shows: the proposed mechanisms (VEGFR2, FAK-paxillin, growth hormone receptor, nitric oxide), the rodent and cell models behind them, what is known about its pharmacokinetics, and where the evidence is still thin.
What an HPLC purity figure measures and what it leaves out, how net peptide content differs from purity, and which impurities, from deletion sequences to racemized residues and TFA counter-ions, matter for research results.
A research-level overview of the incretin system, GLP-1, GIP and glucagon receptor biology, amylin, and the multi-receptor agonists that now dominate metabolic peptide research, with the published findings behind each.
Thymosin beta-4 is the main actin-sequestering protein in mammalian cells and a well-studied tissue repair molecule. What its active sites do, what the wound, cardiac and neurological models showed, what 'TB-500' refers to, and how to verify the material you are working with.
A working guide to the 20 standard amino acids: their structure, charge and hydrophobicity, how individual residues shape peptide conformation and stability, and what that means for solubility and handling in the lab.
Practical lab-safety guidance for research peptides: hazard assessment, PPE, handling lyophilized powders, solvent precautions, sharps during reconstitution, waste disposal, documentation, and research-use-only labeling.
Two short Pro-Gly-Pro-stabilized peptides from the Russian Academy of Sciences: what the rat, in vitro and clinical studies of Semax and Selank actually report, where the evidence is thin, and how to handle the material in the lab.
Why independent laboratory testing matters for research compounds, what the common methods show, where in-house testing creates conflicts of interest, what ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation actually means, and how to verify a testing lab yourself.
How research peptides are made: solid-phase synthesis, Fmoc and Boc protection strategies, coupling chemistry, cleavage, preparative HPLC purification, lyophilization, and the impurities each step can leave behind.
PT-141 (bremelanotide) is a cyclic melanocortin agonist descended from Melanotan II. This guide covers its structure, receptor profile, the rat, primate and human studies behind it, how it differs from the approved drug Vyleesi, and how to study and handle it in the lab.
IGF-1 LR3 is an 83-residue IGF-I analog built to escape IGF-binding proteins. This guide covers how that design produces its potency, what the cell and rat studies show, what is actually known about its persistence, and how to test and handle it.
Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant non-protein thiol in mammalian cells. This guide covers how cells make and use it, how to read the GSH/GSSG couple, how to measure it without creating artifacts, the standard depletion and toxicology models, and how to handle the material in the lab.
Our research guide covers essential topics for peptide researchers at all experience levels.
Core concepts of peptide chemistry and biology
Proper handling, storage and laboratory technique
In-depth profiles of specific peptides and hormones
Understanding purity, testing, and COA interpretation
Educational Disclaimer: The information provided in these articles is for educational and research purposes only. It is not intended as medical advice. All products mentioned are for laboratory research use only and are not approved for human or veterinary use.